Force Velocity Curve Swim Coaching

Concept Search related

The F-V curve is the relationship between an athlete's force-production capacity (max strength) and velocity-production capacity (max speed). Power = Force × Velocity, so two athletes with identical power can have different F-V balances — one is force-dominant, the other is velocity-dominant. Each bias has a performance cost in a different direction.

In sprint swimming, the operating point sits on the high-velocity, bodyweight-anchored end of the spectrum (per Cameron McEvoy's framing: "the force-velocity curve is a very wide spectrum and sprint swimming sits at one small particular point").

Two strategies for raising the ceiling (McEvoy, 2025-05-30)

  1. Spend a lot of time at the bodyweight sprinting part of the curve — really raise the ceiling there. Specialised.
  2. Raise the entire curve on both the force and velocity side — like a tide that lifts all boats. Transfer-based.

McEvoy's preferred pattern: do (2) as the base, then lead into (1) for peaking, and rinse and repeat. Both work; the second is the more generalisable frame.

The maintenance trick (McEvoy, 2025-05-30)

"One way to maintain the curve either side of where you want to peak is to do work ever so slightly above and below bodyweight. You can locally raise the curve around bodyweight and in turn it heightens the ceiling of your bodyweight output while also maintaining a little more of your total output in either direction out from that point."

Translation: small sub-maximal work just above and below the bodyweight operating point is a "lot of bang for your buck" — it preserves the curve either side of the peak.

F-V Imbalance (FVimb) — the diagnostic (JB Morin, Samozino)

FVimb (%) = 100 × (1 − FV_actual / FV_optimal) where FV_optimal is the theoretical F-V profile that maximises performance for the given peak power and displacement.

Interpretation:

Swim-specific F-V (literature, 2023-2026)

Periodisation as F-V phase management (McEvoy Method)

PhaseF-V operating-pointTraining focusWater volume
General StrengthFar from peak (very high force, low velocity)1-5 rep max strength; neural drive; technique maintenance at RPE 7-82-3×/wk, submax
Strength-Power BridgeMoving toward bodyweight (French contrast: weighted pull-up → 20m resisted)PAP, resisted sprints, beginning max efforts4-5×/wk, max efforts introduced
Specific PreparationAt the bodyweight sprint pointRace-pace, RSA, full gym maintenance only4-6×/wk, race modeling

The F-V "operating point" should move seasonally: high force / low velocity in autumn → high velocity / bodyweight in summer. A coach who sees a swimmer stuck in one band across the season is missing a phase.

Why this matters for Hydrolyze

Hydrolyze already fits a power-law speed curve (SpeedCurveFitter.swiftspeed = a × distance^b, Riegel-based with b = -0.165 default slope). This is one dimension of the F-V curve: the velocity/distance relationship. The F-V curve is the other dimension: the force/velocity relationship at a given distance.

The Cam-style coach view would be: per swimmer, plot their (a, b) operating point on a log-log speed-distance chart, and show how it shifts across the season. Where a is high and b is normal, the swimmer has a high overall ceiling. Where b is steep (more negative), the swimmer drops speed fast with distance (a sprinter's signature). Where b is shallow, they're a distance swimmer.

The second axis (force) is not in the data today. To get force, Hydrolyze would need either:

The Cam-style "where is the operating point in the season" view is buildable from existing data, no new capture required. The force axis needs a deliberate decision: which proxy do we use?

Sources

See also

Facts

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