The back stabilises the arm when it is over the water. When the back is underdeveloped, the swimmer can't lift the arm up and over during freestyle — not because the cue is missing, not because the motor pattern is wrong, but because the structural foundation that should hold the arm in the overhead position isn't…
1. ** Fatigue-only failures point to structure.
The overhead-arm position in freestyle is a shoulder stabilisation problem before it is a shoulder mobility problem. The deltoids can lift the arm; the rotator cuff and the scapular stabilisers (middle and lower trapezius, rhomboids, serratus anterior) hold the arm in the…
* Both are well-designed in-pool work. Neither addresses the structural cause.
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